The doctrine that the Content of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the Content of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their Content, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed.

To evaluate rapeseed grain quality at different maturity stages, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2003-2005 grwoing seasons. Six commercial rapeseed cultivars including; Okapi, Orient, Zarfam, Opera, Licord and SLM046 and five harvesting times including; 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% siliques maturity of the main stems were studiedusing split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. Cultivars were assigned to main plots and harvesting times were randomized in in sub-plots. Chlorophyll Contents, Oil yield and Oil and moisture Content of the grain were determined by standard methods. Combined analysis of variance revealed taht the differences among cultivars for the measured traits were significant (P<0.01). Okapi had the lowest chlorophyll Content (2.3 mg.kg-1) and the highest Oil yield (1661 kg.ha-1) and was superior to other cultivars. Okapi also had the highest (48.7%) Oil Content. Effect of harvest time on measured traits were significant (P<0.01). Harvesting in 80% maturity of siliques had the lowest (1.9 mg.kg-1) chlorophyll Content while the highest Oil yield (1548 kg.ha-1) belonged to 90% maturity of siliques. Cultivar × harvest time effects on chlorophyll and moisture Contents were significant (P<0.01). Direct and indirect harvesting are suggested at 90% and 70-80% maturity of siliques to maximize grain quality and minimize yield losses.

To investigate the effect of vermicompost, N fertilizer and their integration on growth, biological and essential yields Oil and its components in two populations (Varamin and Isfahan), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Isfahan Medicinal Plants Research Center in 2016. Fertilizer treatments including 100% urea, vermicompost 33.3 and urea 66.6%, vermicompost 66.6 and urea 33.3%, 100% vermicompost and control treatment (without fertilizer) as the first factor and Varamin and Isfahan populations as the second factor were selected. The results showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer and populations on all studied traits were significant. In both populations, nitrogen fertilizer improved height, biological and essential Oil yields, Content of essential Oil compounds (d-Carvone and its yield, α-phellandrene and linalool; except p-Cymene and Limonene in Isfahan population). Since in medicinal plants, the quantity (biological yield) and quality (essential Oil and d-Carvone; the most important ingredient and the highest amount of essential Oil in this experiment), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea in Varamin population, was the best treatment in the experiment. In addition an in the direction of human health and sustainable agriculture, it is possible to reduce 33% of chemical fertilizers application and pollution; however, in terms of other essential Oil Contents (α-phellandrene, Linalool and p-Cymene), 100% vermicompost fertilizer treatment was superior in Isfahan population.

Castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants which are used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and hygienic industries of many developed countries. The versatile application of castor Oil in different industry and recently in food industry has led to much research being done on castor Oil. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of climatic factors on Oil Content, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of medicinal castor Oil in Azerbaijan region to add on performance of this valuable medicinal plant. Oil extraction yield in the analyzed samples were 35-51%. The results on other physicochemical properties were as follow refractive index (1.404-1.421), chlorophyll Content (0.16-0.39 mg pheophytin/kg Oil), acid value (0.29-0.6 mg NaOH/g Oil), peroxide value (below 1), saponification value (167-178 mg KOH/g Oil) and iodine value (75-85 g I2/100 g Oil). In this research, fatty acids of extracted Oils were determined by GC. Among determined fatty acids, ricin oleic acid (85.7-88.9%) had the highest level, followed by oleic acid (3.9-4.2%) and linoleic acid (2.2-4.1%) which was related to differences of region climatic factors. The results revealed that climatic factors can be effective on the Oil Content, physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of castor Oil.

Salicornia europaea is succulent annual halophyte. It has a variety of uses, such as: eatablility, Oil extraction, cosmetic applications, fodder feeding and finally its seed as the poultry nutrition additive. The Content of Oil and fatty acid profile of the plant was tested through samples taken in 1*1 m2 plots at the seed ripening stage (September). Soxhlet method was used to extract the samples Oil, and the obtained Oil was analyzed by using gas chromatography method. Results showed that the amount of Oil Content ranged from 18to 4/5 % for dry weight of seeds, leaves and steams. Gas chromatography analysis identified 5 types of acid: Palmitic, Stearic, Lauric, Myristic and Palmitoleic of saturated fatty acids. There were seven types of essential acids: oleic, linoleic, linolenic, α-linolenic and isomer trans-Linoleic acid. Arachidic and Palmitoleic acid polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the extracted Oil. Palmitic acid among the saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid among the polyunsaturated fatty acids was predominant. Results show that seeds are suitable for eating as the Oil and biomass for its omega3. In order to determine the percentage of lignocellulosic compounds as the raw material of biofuel, sampling was taken in three stages of vegetative growth (May), flowering (August) and seeding (Mehr) in the same plots of one square meters. Salicornia europaea has the potential as bio-ethanol crops. 28-30% cellulose, 7-8% hemi-cellulose, and 6-8 % lignin biomass of good quality for produce bio-ethanol in all growth stage.

To determine the effects of biofertilizers, nitrogen and azocompost on Oil yield and essential Oil Content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. This study was performed at two locations during 2009-2010 on field in Tarbiat Modares University, and at the Khoy Agricultural Research Center. Treatments were consisted of two genotypes (landrace and SZK-1 cultivars), two seed inoculation (either (B1) with or without (B2) bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter + Azosprillum + pseudomonas) and five fertilization regimes (152 kg urea per hectare, F2: 114 kg urea per hectare + 85.3 tones azocompost per hectare, F3: 76 kg urea per hectare + 77.7 tones azocompost per hectare, F4: 38 kg urea per hectare + 55.11 tons azocompost per hectare and F5: 55.15 tons azocompost per hectare). F3 treatment had the highest geraniol and zhenya when genotypes were inoculated with bacterial in both regions and genotypes. Integrated treatment with 50% urea + 50% azocompost with or without bacterial inoculation in land race population, improved performance of yield and essential Oil components by reducing the amount of chemical nitrogen, which could be a substitute to chemical fertilizers.

Introduction: Factors affecting hatchability are mentioned as important indicators in breeder flocks’ performance, one of these elements is fertility. Roosters’ as half part of fertility have great role and aging reduces their fertility. The biologic system in live organisms such as animals is under permanent attack due to natural consequence of the body’s normal metabolic activity that produces free radicals. It has been revealed that phospholipid fraction of avian spermatozoa membranes has high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and it is the reason why the spermatozoa are susceptible to free radical attack. During evolution, to deal with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms. Therefore, as a major factor, presence of natural antioxidants in living organisms enables their survival in an oxygen-rich environment. To maintain sperm fertilizing ability, an antioxidant defense system is a crucial point. In avian semen the antioxidant system consists of natural antioxidants together with enzymes that have antioxidant characteristics such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) protects sperm against free radicals and their destructive metabolites. Antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium (Se) have remarkable roles in avian reproduction. To gain gross reproductive performances in commercial poultry, supplementation of antioxidant at an optimum level is thought to be necessary. By using additives such as selenium we can help delaying this reduction through antioxidant properties of Se. Replacing inorganic Se by new types of Se sources like the nano form in poultry diet improves fertility. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Nano-Selenium (Nano-Se) in comparison with sodium selenite on serum selenoprotein p (SEPP1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) Content in brOiler breeder roosters.Material and Method: In the present study, a total of thirty Arbor Acres BrOiler Breeder roosters (40 weeks old) were randomly divided into five experimental groups. Each of which included 3 replicates of 2 birds. Relevant catalog recommended distribution of 160 gr of diet per rooster per day for brOiler breeder males. After one-week adaptation they were fed with the basal diet (T1) supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg Sodium Selenite (T2), 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), 0.3 mg/kg nano-Se (T4) and 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5). The duration of feeding experiment was four weeks. At the end of adaptation week, blood samples were collected (2.5 ml) and after separating the serum, they were stored in -20°C refrigerator. Another sampling was two weeks later in the middle of experiment that again blood samples were collected and their serum were stored at -20°C. Four weeks after the treatment was done at the end of experiment, the roosters were humanely euthanized by cervical dislocation, the 3rd and last sampling was implemented at the end of experiment that as in the previous sampling was done, the blood samples were centrifuged and separated serum was stored in -20°C. Then serum concentration of the antioxidant “SEPP1” was measured by ELISA method and “GPx” was analyzed using a spectrophotometry kit.Results and discussion: The values of SEPP1 and GPx serum concentration obtained at the first time sampling showed no significant differences between all groups (P < 0.05). Serum SEPP1 concentration examination in the second sampling showed that roosters fed with both mineral and nano form of selenium supplements, had significantly higher concentrations of selenoprotein P in their serum, compared to the control group (P < 0.05) which the highest concentration was related to the treatment of 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5) in their diet. Among the two groups of treatment 2 and treatment 3, which were fed 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite (T2) and 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), respectively, treatment 3 had higher concentration. The results of examining the SEPP1 serum concentration for the final time at the end of the study indicated that there is a process similar to the trend of changes in the serum concentration of selenoprotein P that was seen in the second sampling step. The only difference observed in serum concentration results of the second sampling compared to third time was that the difference between the T2 and T3 treatments was greater in the last sampling. Simultaneously with SEPP1 analysis, serum glutathione peroxidase concentration was measured in three sampling times. At the second time sampling of serum GPx concentration, evaluation of the serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase revealed that the serum concentrations of this selenoprotein in brOiler breeder roosters in groups T5, T4, T3 and T2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative to its concentration in control group (T1). The difference between serum concentration of control group and T3 treatment was not significant (P < 0.05), also the difference in serum concentration of this selenoprotein between treatments T4 and T5 was not significant (P < 0.05). At the end of the study, after the third sampling and evaluation, the results of GPx serum concentrations revealed that all treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and with increasing the amount of nano-Se in the diet from 0.15 mg/kg to 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se, serum concentrations of glutathione peroxidase showed an increasing trend. Based on a consideration of all experiment indexes, in this research 0.6 mg/kg is suggested to be the best level of supplementation of nano-Se, and nano-Se showed higher Contents of serum SEPP1 and GPx at the same amounts of nano-Se and sodium selenite supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of nano-Se was more effective than sodium selenite on serum SEPP1 and GPx concentration of tested selenoproteins in brOiler breeder males.